Did God Design or Craft Us?

And how many times does “design” appear? What cognates have been searched out and where is the intersection between cognate terms in the original language? I’m being honest here, not snarky. I often find myself in my colleagues’ offices trying to figure these sorts of things out!

Okay, so I see at least two issues that are creating, perhaps designing, a bit of confusion between the different parties to this conversation. I have been away for the weekend and got spotty updates of everything, so I am not responding perfectly to other critiques of my thought that may be pertinent here – regardless, I push on!

First, I agree that God did not sit down at a drafting table. Time only makes sense inside of creation. God simply does. The very statement that God conceives his designs instantaneously seems incoherent on a picture of God that stands outside of time and space.

Second, the “clean picture” of the thing created and God’s intention really only makes sense in light of the God become Man(kind). God does has something “definite” in mind, but despite the quibbles of defining the term “kinds,” I’m not sure biology has much to say as to what is God’s intent for “kinds”…

My take on this is that “create” might be one of those phenomenological pieces of language that make the Scriptures more accessible to ALL people. This side of Eden, “design” seems to focus us outside of the universe or the creation itself, while “create” seems to focus us inside the universe and our own creations (since we ALL sub-create in the Image of God). The idea being that we are ALL sub-creators and thus can epistemologically “notice” creation better than design. Meaning, many people seem to create effortlessly without much of a design plan even though we are ABLE to debate design after the fact of creation.

Thoughts?

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The reason we create effortlessly is, I think, the same reason we walk unthinkingly across the room after forming the intention of picking up a coffee cup - because of our limitations, much of our working is hidden from us in “automatic” systems.

I learned to walk long ago, and all the complicated physiological work involved is now unconscious, leaving me capacity to form higher purposes. In my case, I’ve been playing and writing music for maybe 60 years, so I can improvise tunes apparently effortlessly so that I might even surprise myself - but in fact, there’s 60 years of work going on under the hood.

God, however, knows himself perfectly, which is how he knows his creation perfectly. On the one hand, that means that any idea like “design” or “contemplation” or “process” is a faulty analogy for him. On the other hand, the comparison of something like “He speaks, and it is so” with human analogies like “I want the coffee cup, and my whole body simply obeys my intention” is equally dubious, for in both cases he knows all and performs all completely and simply.

We’re OK if we remember that whilst, inevitably, using the only analogies that are available to us from experience.

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Perhaps I should add a few footnotes here, to clarify what I’m trying to say, and not trying to say.

First, I made a slip. The number “19” which stuck in my mind was the number of times that the “qal” form of the verb for “create” (bara’) appears in the Bible. In total the verb appears about 54 times, with the larger number including passive and other forms.

Second, I was not trying to suggest that any verb meaning “design” was used more often than the verb “create”. I was not comparing frequencies. I mentioned the relative rarity of the verb rendered “create” only because Joshua was stressing that we should concentrate on notions that were frequently expressed in the Bible.

Third, while both nouns and verbs with meanings such as “device” or “plan” or “design” are common enough in the Hebrew Bible, it is rare that God is said to “plan” or “design” something. I was not trying to suggest that the phrase “God designed” was common in the Bible, or even that those exact words were ever used.

What I was trying to say is that God, both in the Creation story and elsewhere, is represented as thinking and willing particular outcomes before they are actualized. He is represented as intending to create particular things or produce certain events before those things or events materialize. They exist in his divine mind before they exist in the material world. (Of course, as Jon and others have said, we are always dealing in metaphors or analogies when speaking about God, so language such “in God’s mind” and “before” always has to be qualified with academic footnotes about God’s eternity, God’s divine nature, etc.; still, speaking about things as they appear in Biblical narrative, such expressions make perfect sense. God in Genesis 1 is depicted as saying something before he creates it, which implies also that he thinks a thing before creating it; one can’t allow the analogical language of God “speaking” without allowing the notion that accompanies “speaking,” i.e., thinking about the thing one is speaking about.)

So God thought about man before he created man. God had a conception of man before man appeared on the earth. And that conception presumably included the features we recognize as human – mammalian characteristics, primate shape, intelligence, etc. Hebrew is capable of saying, “Let us make a living thing which will know us” in which case the way is open to a number of very different things, from Ken Miller’s intelligent mollusk to an intelligent beaver-like creature like that dwelling on Lewis’s Malacandra. But God was much more specific than that. He had in mind our particular bodily form, the form of 'adam. In that sense, God had a design, or plan, or model in mind. (Note that in the Greek OT, the word paradeigma (“model” or “plan”) crops up in relation to the planning of the Temple; the “look” of the Temple was conceived in advance of the building of the Temple; in the same sense, I think we can say, the “look” of man was conceived in advance of the creation of Man.)

So in the most general sense we can safely say that God did not create without a “design” – a prior picture or model in mind. And sometimes the Biblical language is more precise than that, as in Job 38 when architect-builder language is used of the Creation. So the idea that God “designs” things is hardly an un-Biblical notion.

What I’m really doing here is trying to combat the very recent distaste for the notion of God as planning or designing the features of his Creation. Both in Christian literature and Christian art, the idea of God as the designer of the world has been very common, throughout all periods. We have church paintings etc. showing things like God or Christ measuring out the world with compasses, etc. I have not seen a single example of hostility to design analogies anywhere in Christian writing until about 25 years ago – and the first time I saw it was in the writing of TE/ECs folks from the ASA and BioLogos! In other words, the hostility to “design” language in relation to God first manifests itself exactly when the TE/EC crowd is reacting against the ID movement, in the 1990s! Up to that point, all Christians were comfortable with the idea that God thought out what Creation would look like before he created it, i.e., that God had designs in his mind for earth, seas, firmament, stars, birds, fish, plants, trees, and man. The attempt to convince the world that “design” is a theologically suspect term is very recent, and appears to be generated by American intra-evangelical polemics, as one camp regarding origins locks in combat with the other. The advantage of knowing the history of Christian thought is that it enables us to see things like that, and thus take current quarrels with a grain of salt.

Planning is not Design

This is significant. The mental model of “God designing” is not part of revelation, even if it is a reasonable inference.

Sure, but that is not the word picture of “God Designing”. There are many plans that do not match being a watchmaker. I’m not pushing on the “planning” language, but questioning the limits of the “design” language.

I have no distaste for God planning or designing, but I’m trying to probe the limits of the analogy.

And that seems to be a good description of how it begins to fail.

Crafting as Ontogeny? (Not Ontology)

Thinking about this, and I can see one very favorable reason to prefer crafting to design. Design seems to be exclusively about ideation, but crafteing includes a notion of ontegeny, or the material process by which things come into being.

Dropping the language of “listening”, we can set aside the omniscience debate from the mix. The more important pieces is the relationship between the artist and his medium. God might know the whole process from the beginning, but we are in a process of being formed into that which he wants. This does not at all speak against planning.

Also do like the sense of artisan. One of the “functions” might well be beauty. We have no good functional account of beauty of science, but this might even the primary goal of an artist. Certainly planning is involved, but even artists will resist the language of design at times.

This does not mean design is a bad word to use. It just is not a good replacement for “create.” Maybe God does design us, but this may not be really the most salient way to describe creation.

I note, also that, design emphasizes ontology (the conceptual relationships), and crafting is ontegenic (how things become into being).

What do you all think?

Fair summary - but I don’t think “create” is an ontogenic word: to create is not a process, but a bringing into being. The danger is that we replace a mechanistic view of design (which the word itself does not demand) with a mechanistic view of creation.

An analogy here is my brilliant Umpteenth Symphony, which I hear in all its glory in my head, but which may get into the real world as exactly the same work by using a quill pen, programming Finale software, recording all the parts on an orchestral synthesizer or humming all the parts to the various players to learn. Nobody except academics care how Bach created the Bm Mass - only that it’s sublime.

Joshua, I asked you earlier who is guilty of confusing “design” with “creation”. I’m not sure that you directly answered this question.

I certainly have never stated, nor even implied, that “design is a good replacement for create”. In fact, I explicitly differentiated them, indicating that “creation” included much more than mere “design”.

Nor can I think of any ID proponent who has reduced God’s “creation” to nothing beyond “design”.

As I pointed out, the authors who most frequently confuse “design” with “create” are American TE/ECs, many of whom frequently equate “design” with “miraculous creation” when they criticize ID writers.

I grant that that some ID writers, especially in the early days of ID (much less often in recent years), increased the possibility of confusion by speaking of “design” as an alternate theory of origins to “evolution”. That suggested to some that by “design” they meant “creation”. But that confusion was found mainly in things such as blog posts written in the promotional style of advertising by Discovery staff columnists, and rarely in the major ID books by Behe, Meyer, etc., where a more careful theoretical exposition is found.

In any case, even if some ID writers have from time to time been less than clear, you have said that you want to use this site to move forward, and I’m suggesting that one way of moving forward is to be more precise and consistent in our language than either the TE/EC critics of ID or some of the ID-promoters on blog sites.

That’s why I’ve said that we should distinguish between the conception of a thing, and the execution of a thing. A thing is never “created” until the execution is complete. Conception alone is not enough. “Design” refers to the conception of a thing alone. If I say, “I designed that airplane,” I don’t mean that I also built it. If I say, “God created the world”, I mean much more than that he conceived of it in his mind.

I agree; design refers to ideation, conception, projection, etc. And “crafting” includes ontogeny – the craftsman realizes a design, as opposed to merely thinking one up.

I have nothing against conceiving of God’s creation through the analogy of the “craftsman”. It does not deny that God also designs. And if you find craftsman-language more common in the Bible than design-language, and that makes you more comfortable, I have no objection to using craftsman-language.

However, I would point out that even craftsman-language has been criticized by critics of ID and creationism. They say that to speak of God as a craftsman is to picture him as an agent within creation, manipulating matter, as an efficient cause among other efficient causes, and then they say that this is not what God is; they say that he is the final cause, not an efficient cause, and that it reduces God in dignity to bring him down to the level of efficient cause. The Thomist critics of ID, such as Feser, have said things like this, and over at BioLogos, they say similar things in less Thomistic language. They don’t like images that suggest that God mucks about with matter. They vastly prefer the image of God creating “laws of nature” which then by themselves create galaxies, stars, planets, oxygen, water, the first life, multicellular life, and so on up to man, without God ever having to “craft” anything. Such crafting they mock as “tinkering” unworthy of a transcendent God. So the very image you claim to be more “Biblical” than design is – an image which Jon and I don’t object to – is not an image the BioLogos folks like.

When Ted Davis recently confessed that he leaned toward a model where God subtly intervenes at the quantum level to select mutations that would lead evolution in a desired direction, he was really suggesting a subtle kind of “crafting” of the evolutionary process – and was rebuffed (politely) by Jim Stump and Brad Kramer for doing so. That rebuff was of course in good BioLogos tradition, as Venema and Falk had in the past expressed a lack of interest in such direct crafting activity by God.

I know that you are trying to find your own way and not bound by what BioLogos says or does, and I appreciate that, but there is in fact, all through American TE/EC, in the ASA as well as on BioLogos, a leaning toward a “fully gifted creation” in which God does not have to “craft” anything because nature, from the Big Bang on, has all the powers it needs to create everything. The BioLogos folks and others such as Matheson have constantly mocked the literal use of verses about God knitting us in our mother’s womb; they don’t like the “hands-on” imagery of knitting – which is of course a craft.

So while I have no objection to speaking of God as “crafting”, you are going to meet resistance within the scientific community, even within the Christian evangelical scientific community, if you endorse this image. You will get the same pushback from many TE/ECs as do the ID people when they speak of God as “designing” anything. Many TE/ECs are determined to purge creation language of even the slightest hint of anthropomorphism.

Their language of creation is in fact not derived primarily from the Bible, but from the thought of the Enlightenment – the though of Leibniz, Kant, and so on. They conceive of God’s creation as the action of impersonal processes of nature, and much Biblical language they regard as merely poetic, and seriously inaccurate if taken as even a partly correct characterization of what God does.

Jon and I have been interested in recovering the Biblical and traditional language of creation, as opposed to further pushing the reduction or elimination of that language. So you’ll get a sympathetic ear from us regarding imagery such as “crafting”, but I doubt you will get a sympathetic ear from many evangelical scientists. To many of them, it will sound too much like “intervention”, “tinkering”, “reducing God to a mere secondary cause among others” etc.

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Yes, I agree. Where and how does Jesus fit into your thoughts @jongarvey? I’ve yet to get into your series on theology of nature, so if you’ve blogged/commented about it here or at The Hump, you can simply point me to the right articles/comments.

This seems fair enough, so what is the way forward in your view? Is it to simply recognize the rich theological history of the concept?

Okay good, I think this begins to answer what I asked above as well as links to my question to Jon – Where do you see Jesus fitting into this whole intellectual mess we seem to have found ourselves in?

Yes, this is related to that conversation.

I am not personally comfortable with design. I often say: I believe God created us, and in that sense He designed us all. So I am not backing away from the term “design” entirely, but wanting something more coherent with my own understand and the language of Scripture. I’m also not comfortable with the language of “action” and “intervention” as this also seems to deny the indeterminacy of providence. It seems important to insist that we know god providentially works, but also we do not know precisely how (indeterminancy).

I agree that BioLogos tilts towards “fully gifted” creation, but I think this stems from a misunderstanding of the science reinforced by some theological pre-commitments. I’m not comfortable with the language that seems to suggest OT or self-sufficiency of creation. So part of what I am doing here is looking for new language with better “intonation”, which is objective in some ways but also subjective and rhetorical.

One good thing about this conversation for me is that it has clarified the distinction between language that points to ontology (classification and essence) and ontogeny (how things develop). This also connects to my scientific work in ontogeny of drug metabolizing enzymes along side ontology of their action. Take for example the question of the Image of God. There is a question of ontology: What is the Image? There is a distinct question of ontogeny: How does the Image arise? I’m seeing a common pattern of mistaking ontology for ontogeny, even in some of my own questions.

It seems that “design” pushes us to think about “ontological” questions, but I’m looking now for language that push us to “ontongeny” questions, or in other words, questions of origins. This mindset might help prime us to think about new ontology too, new types of “things” like “people outside the garden.”

With that in mind, I’m leaning toward words like “craft”, “mold”, “train”, and “sculpt”, each of which well conceived as exchanges (of some sort) between an artist and a medium. This, it seems, avoids the pitfalls of misunderstanding and “intonation” that accompany the “Design” and “Freedom” language of DI and BioLogos (respectively)

So this has been enlightening. Thanks @nwrickert for setting us down this path. As the agnostic with deep theological musing (it seems) do you have any thoughts to add?.

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Daniel,

On the “theology of nature” I’ve really been laying down foundations so far… and also sketchhing out ideas as they come. But my underlying assumption is that there is a consonance between God and mankind within nature because it is the work of the Logos, after whose image we are created. The three pieces on language starting here follow that line.

I’ve also been informed by Tom Wright’s Bampton lectures on natural theology, which are highly Christocentric - it remains to be seen how that will integrate with the current work.

In fact I did a multi-part blog entitled “Christological Creation” back in 2010, which starts here and was more a theology of creation than of nature, if one can make such a distinction. The sytarting point and compass being slightly different, I have yet to see how the two themes fit together fully. Blogs are, after all, sketchbooks more than anything.

It has been an interesting discussion. But no, I don’t have anything to add.

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